Covert Sensitization: Alternative Treatment Procedures for Alcoholism

Abstract

Twenty-nine outpatients (24 men) with a history of problem-drinking and alcohol dependence were assigned at random to one of three covert sensitization procedures varying in the nature of stimulus elements in aversion scenes. Group 1 received standard nausea imagery, whereas Group 2 received similar scenes “assisted” by noxious odors. Imagery used in Group 3 scenes was unrelated to nausea but focused instead on disturbing potential consequences of drinking. The occurrence of conditioned aversion responses (CR) was verified by observational, self-report and physiological measures. The observed pattern and frequency of conditioning corresponded closely to data reported by Elkins (1980). Favourable outcomes at 18 months (abstinent, controlled or improved) were observed in 45, 56 and 67% of clients in each group, respectively. The groups did not differ significantly in effectiveness. Within both of the nausea sensitization groups (1 and 2), successful remission at 18 months occurred only in individuals who had shown CR, whereas in emotive sensitization (Group 3) there was no apparent relationship between conditioning and outcome.