The taxonomy of the order Isochrysidales (Prymnesiophyceae) with special reference to the genera Isochrysis Parke, Dicrateria Parke and Imantonia Reynolds

Abstract

The order Isochrysidales was erected by Pascher in 1910 to accommodate chrysomonads with two equal flagella. It was based on the family Hymenomonadaceae (Senn, 1900) and included such genera as Synura Ehrenberg (later shown to be heterokont and therefore incorrectly placed here; Hovasse, 1949; Manton, 1955), Wyssotzkia Lemmermann and Hymenomonas Stein. Papenfuss (1955) used the name in a similar sense but encompassing also the coccolithophorids, while those genera with two equal flagella and a ‘short third flagellum’ ((Prymnesium Massart, Platychrysis N. Carter, Chrysochromulina Lackey) were placed in the order Prymnesiales. Subsequently it was demonstrated that members of the Isochrysidales and Prymnesiales differ from other chrysomonads in that the two true flag-ella are smooth with no coarse hairs (‘mastigonemes’) and that the third appendage found in genera of the latter order is a unique structure, termed the ‘haptonema’ by Parke, Manton & Clarke (1955). On the basis of these observations, Christensen (1962) erected a new class, the Haptophyceae (now referred to by the typified name Prymnesiophyceae; Hibberd, 1976 a), to contain the two orders although Bourrelly (1968) preferred to retain them within the Chrysophyceae whilst recognizing their unique status by the erection of a sub-class, the Isochrysophycidae.