Drop impact on superheated surfaces: from capillary dominance to nonlinear advection dominance

Abstract

Ambient air cushions the impact of drops on solid substrates, an effect usually revealed by the entrainment of a bubble, trapped as the air squeezed under the drop drains and liquid–solid contact occurs. The presence of air becomes evident for impacts on very smooth surfaces, where the gas film can be sustained, allowing drops to bounce without wetting the substrate. In such a non-wetting situation, Mandre & Brenner (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 690, 2012, p. 148) numerically and theoretically evidenced that two physical mechanisms can act to prevent contact: surface tension and nonlinear advection. However, the advection dominated regime has remained hidden in experiments as liquid–solid contact prevents rebounds being realised at sufficiently large impact velocities. By performing impacts on superheated surfaces, in the so-called dynamical Leidenfrost regime (Tran et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 108, issue 3, 2012, p. 036101), we enable drop rebound at higher impact velocities, allowing us to reveal this regime. Using high-speed total internal reflection, we measure the minimal gas film thickness under impacting drops, and provide evidence for the transition from the surface tension to the nonlinear inertia dominated regime. We rationalise our measurements through scaling relationships derived by coupling the liquid and gas dynamics, in the presence of evaporation.