1. Academic research and industrial innovation
2. 57. The Bayh-Dole 40 Coalition, available at (last visited December 18, 2020).
3. The Drug Industry and Medical Research: The Economics of the Kefauver Committee Investigations
4. 30. Scott, D. , “How a Democratic president could reduce drug prices without Congress”, Vox, available at (last visited December 18, 2020).
5. 33. In principal, the federal iEdison database ought to provide a full listing of all patents resulting from federal grants. The NIH is the only agency that provides iEdison patent data publicly, through its RePORTER system, available at (last visited December 18, 2020), but its listings appear to be incomplete. RePORTER notes “Patent information in RePORTER is incomplete. The patents in RePORTER come from the iEdison database. Not all recipients of NIH funding are compliant with the iEdison reporting requirements, particularly after their NIH support has ended.” Compliance appears to have improved over time, at least if we use RePORTER to gauge accuracy of government interest statements and vice versa. (In principle, the two sources should completely overlap.) However, we don’t know what patents were not reported in either source. A. K. Rai and B. N. Sampat, “Accountability in Patenting of Federally Funded Research”, Nature Biotechnology 30, no. 10 (2012): 953-956.