1. Stowe, David W. 1994. Swing Changes: Big-Band Jazz in New Deal America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
2. Reig, Teddy, and Edward Berger. 1990. Reminiscing in Tempo: The Life and Times of a Jazz Hustler. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press & the Institute of Jazz Studies, Rutgers University
3. Rogers, J. A. 1925. “Jazz at Home” in The New Negro: An Interpretation, ed. Alain Locke. Reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1968
4. Wuthnow, Robert. 1987. Meaning and Moral Order: Explorations in Cultural Analysis. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
5. Tawa, Nicholas E. 2000. High-Minded and Low-Down: Music in the Lives of Americans, 1800–1861. Boston: Northeastern University Press