Cross-sectional associations between adaptive functioning and social cognitive and neurocognitive functions in adolescents with first-episode, early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Abstract

Abstract Background: Few studies have explored associations between adaptive functioning and cognition in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (EOS). Methods: Adaptive functioning, cognition, positive, negative, and general symptoms were characterized in adolescents with EOS and healthy controls. A modified scale of negative, respectively, general symptoms was used. Bivariate analyses identified correlates of adaptive functioning to be included in multivariate analysis. Results: Adolescents with EOS showed significant impairments of social- and neurocognitive functions (−0.86 < Cohen´s ds < −0.58) and adaptive functioning (Cohen´s d = −2.23). Visual memory, verbal working memory, processing speed, reaction time, social cognition, and modified negative and general symptoms correlated significantly with adaptive functioning. The multiple regression analysis revealed only verbal working memory as uniquely associated with adaptive functioning (explaining 22.7 % of its variance). Verbal working memory also associated significantly with adaptive functioning in the context of the nonsignificant modified negative and the significant modified general symptoms dimension. Conclusions: Adolescents with first-episode EOS had large impairments in adaptive functioning and moderate to large cognitive deficits. Verbal working memory was an important associate to concurrent adaptive functioning and may be a treatment target for trials to improve cognitive and adaptive functioning in adolescents with EOS.