Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Implementation Research: a Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis

Author:

Sabatier Paul A.

Abstract

AbstractThis paper first reviews the implementation literature of the past fifteen years, with particular emphasis on the relative strengths and weaknesses of the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches. It also argues that the 4–6 year time-frame used in most implementation research misses many critical features of public policy-making. The paper then outlines a conceptual framework for examining policy change over a 10–20 year period which combines the best features of the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches with insights from other literatures.

Publisher

Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Subject

Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law,Public Administration

Reference88 articles.

1. Levin Martin (1980). ‘Conditions Contributing to Effective Implementation and Their Limits.’ Unpublished manuscript, Brandeis University.

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