Evaluation of paper-based and web-based food frequency questionnaires for 7-year-old children in Singapore

Abstract

Abstract Advances in technology enabled the development of a web-based, pictorial food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to collect parent-report dietary intakes of 7-year-old children in the GUSTO study. This study aimed to compare intakes estimated from a paper-FFQ and a web-FFQ, and examine the relative validity of both FFQs against 3-day diet records (3DDR). Ninety-two mothers reported food intakes of their 7-year-old child on a paper-FFQ, a web-FFQ and a 3DDR. A usability questionnaire collected participants’ feedback on the web-FFQ. Correlations and agreement in energy, nutrients and food groups intakes between the dietary assessments were evaluated using Pearson’s correlation, Lin’s concordance, Bland-Altman plots, Cohen’s kappa and tertile classification. The paper- and web-FFQ had good correlations (≥0.50) and acceptable-good agreement (Lin’s concordance ≥0.30; Cohen’s kappa ≥0.41; ≥50% correct and ≤10% mis-classification into same or extreme tertiles). Compared to 3DDR, both FFQs showed poor agreement (<0.30) in assessing absolute intakes except micronutrients (web-FFQ had acceptable-good agreement); but showed acceptable-good ability to classify children into tertiles (κ≥0.21; ≥40% and ≤15% correct or misclassification). Bland-Altman plots suggest good agreement between web-FFQ and 3DDR in assessing micronutrients and several food groups. The web-FFQ was well-received (e.g. >89% found it user-friendly), and majority (81%) preferred the web-FFQ over the paper-FFQ. The newly developed web-FFQ produced intake estimates comparable to the paper-FFQ, has acceptable-good agreement with 3DDR in assessing absolute micronutrients intakes, and acceptable-good ability to classify children according to categories of intakes. The positive acceptance of the web-FFQ makes it a feasible tool for future dietary data collection.