1. For this reason Dutch documents speak of coophandel met force, meaning there can be no trade without the support of armed intervention (CC, pp. 61,97,127–28). The origins of this policy are explained in terms of Portugal's desire to expel the Dutch from the East Indies (pp. 99–100). In De Jure Praedae, Grotius claims that the Dutch were initially only interested in pursuing commercial aims, but were forced by the Portuguese into war. Cf. DJP 1868, pp. 263–64; D P 1964, p. 278.
2. “François Valentyn's Account of Malacca”;Hervey;Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Straits Branch,1885