Review of secondary phases formed under natural alkaline conditions at low temperatures and implications for cement–bentonite interactions in radioactive waste repositories

Abstract

Abstract The alteration of bentonite under alkaline conditions and the subsequent changes in properties such as permeability and self-sealing ability should be evaluated for the performance assessment of radioactive waste repositories. As the period of evaluation for alterations is extremely long, natural analog (NA) studies that can observe long-term phenomena similar to the system of radioactive waste repositories have significant advantages. However, locations that can be set up as NA study sites with significant similarity are limited and should be pursued by localizing analog systems. This literature review summarized studies reporting secondary phases formed at low temperatures (<100°C) under a broader range of natural sites which are chemically similar to the alkaline conditions expected at bentonite in radioactive waste repositories, including near pyrometamorphic rocks, near ophiolites, and in alkaline saline lakes. This review provides insights into the species, formation conditions, and stability of secondary phases that could be formed during cement–bentonite interactions and the timescale for mineralogical transitions from a metastable to a stable phase. The findings could be useful for selecting secondary phases to be considered in reactive transport modeling for predicting cement–bentonite interactions in radioactive waste repositories.