Oscillations of tide and surge in an estuary of finite length

Abstract

This paper concerns a narrow basin of uniform cross-section open to the sea at one end and closed at the other. An incident long wave of prescribed general form is supposed to enter from the sea and to represent the combination of tide and surge as generated in the sea. The solution of the linear terms of the equations of continuity and motion gives the reflection of this wave at the head of the estuary. This paper gives the next approximation when the non-linear terms are retained, the second-order motion being made determinate by the condition that, at the mouth, it reduces to a progression towards the sea.The chief results relate to the surface elevation at the head of the estuary. When the first order elevation there increases steadily to a maximum, the effect of the ‘shallow water terms’ is to make high water higher and earlier, while the effect of the ‘frictional term’ is to make high water lower and later. For a short estuary, the interaction of the tide on a surge, due to a given sequence of meteorological conditions over the sea, is to make it higher when its maximum occurs at the time of tidal high water than when its maximum occurs at the time of tidal low water. This is directly opposite to the corresponding result when the estuary is of infinite length.