Descriptive Evaluation of Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Plasma and Gingival Crevicular Fluid in a Nursing Home Cohort—Arkansas, June–August 2020

Abstract

Abstract Objective: Characterize and compare SARS-CoV-2–specific immune responses in plasma and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from nursing home residents during and after natural infection Design: Prospective cohort Setting: Nursing home Participants: SARS-CoV-2–infected nursing home residents Methods: A convenience sample of 14 SARS-CoV-2–infected nursing home residents, enrolled 4–13 days after real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction diagnosis, were followed for 42 days. Post diagnosis, plasma SARS-CoV-2–specific pan-Immunoglobulin (Ig), IgG, IgA, IgM, and neutralizing antibodies were measured at 5 timepoints and GCF SARS-CoV-2–specific IgG and IgA were measured at 4 timepoints. Results: All participants demonstrated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among 12 phlebotomized participants, plasma was positive for pan-Ig and IgG in all 12, neutralizing antibodies in 11, IgM in 10, and IgA in 9. Among 14 participants with GCF specimens, GCF was positive for IgG in 13 and IgA in 12. Immunoglobulin responses in plasma and GCF had similar kinetics; median times to peak antibody response was similar across specimen types (4 weeks for IgG; 3 weeks for IgA). Participants with pan-Ig, IgG, and IgA detected in plasma and GCF IgG remained positive through this evaluation’s end 46–55 days post-diagnosis. All participants were viral culture negative by the first detection of antibodies. Conclusions: Nursing home residents had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in plasma and GCF after infection. Kinetics of antibodies detected in GCF mirrored those from plasma. Non-invasive GCF may be useful for detecting and monitoring immunologic responses in populations unable or unwilling to be phlebotomized.