A Model for Scaling Avalanche Speeds

Abstract

AbstractSnow-avalanche speeds, run-out distances, and the concepts from dense granular flows are combined in a model for prediction of speeds along the incline. Field measurements indicate that speeds and run-out distances are nearly independent of path steepness once a length is chosen to scale them. Application of granular-flow concepts explains these results. The most important feature of the model (and the speed data) is the steep gradient of speeds in the run-out zone. These results emphasize the need for high precision in run-out prediction when construction or defences are contemplated.