The Modeling and Measurement of the Deformation of a Sloping Snow-Pack

Abstract

Abstract The modeling of deformation in snow-pack of realistic geometry is reported. Experimentally measured deformation rates are compared with corresponding rates predicted from a finite-element model developed using local stratigraphy in the experimental area. Specifically designed deformation gages placed on an avalanche-sensitive snow slope at Berthoud Pass, Colorado, during the winter of 1972-73, were used to measure the experimental values. The finite-element code, based upon a plane-strain idealization, was used to model the steady-state flow of the slope. The program incorporates visco-elastic properties of the snow-pack, snow-layer stratigraphy, and the orthotropic properties of snow when both tension and compression components of stress act at a point. The degree of correlation between experimental and computed values of deformation rates is reported, and limitations of the analysis in conjunction with the type of experimental data taken are discussed.