1. At the time this article was written martial law was still in effect in the province of Istanbul. Martial law has since been lifted, and the unions have again become active. It has not, however, been possible to undertake further field research in Turkey on the nature of this renewed activity.
2. Power, Civil Society and Culture in the Ottoman Empire
3. Historical Determinants of Stratification: Social Class and Class Consciousness in Turkey;Mardin;Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi,1967
4. This is because the lines of sect, occupation, and region are often the same, a phenomenon not unfamiliar in the Islamic world.
5. Turkish villagers view this as a distinction between tohum (seed), clearly a male symbol, and tarla (field), a female symbol. It is, they say, of course the nature of the tohum sown not the tarla in which it is sown that determines the crop that is to spring up. The tarla is merely a receptacle of varying quality.