1. I discuss Langland's anxiety and conflict about poor people's taking political action in “Need, Hunger, and the Politics of Poverty in Piers Plowman,” Yearbook of Langland Studies (2002): 131–68, esp. 145–66.
2. See for example Freedman Paul , Images of the Medieval Peasant (Stanford, 1990), 40–59.
3. Anne Savage also points out that the external imposition of discipline on consumption does not eradicate the cause of wasting because it cannot serve as internal moral control: “as any kind of real moral force, food remains ineffective: wasters can, sometimes, be made to work, but not to reform inwardly” (“Piers Plowman” [n. 3 above], 20).
4. Baldwin , Theme of Government, 17.
5. Baldwin , Theme of Government, 17.