Richard Grassby, The Idea of Capitalism before the Industrial Revolution (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999); Robert S. Duplessis, Transitions to Capitalism in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Richard Lachmann, Capitalists in Spite of Themselves: Elite Conflict and Economic Transitions in Early Modern Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Michael Perelman, The Invention of Capitalism: Classical Political Economy and the Secret History of Primitive Accumulation (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000).