Abstract
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are common worldwide and associated with poorer health outcomes. This work aimed to explore the UPF consumption associated factors and its main dietary sources, by sex, in Portugal. Participants from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (IAN-AF) 2015–2016, aged 3–84 years, were included (n 5005). Dietary intake was assessed through two 1-day food diaries/24 h recalls. UPFs were identified using the NOVA classification. Associations were evaluated through linear regression models. Median UPF consumption was 257 g/d (10⋅6 % of total quantity; 23⋅8 % of total energy). Adolescents were those with higher consumption (490 g/d). Compared to adults, younger ages were positively associated with UPF consumption (e.g. adolescents (
$\hat{\beta }$
-females: 192, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 135, 249;
$\hat{\beta }$
-males: 327, 95 % CI: 277, 377)). A lower educational level was associated with lower UPF consumption (
$\hat{\beta }$
-females: −63; 95 % CI: −91, −34;
$\hat{\beta }$
-males: −68; 95 % CI: −124, −12). Also, a lower UPF consumption was observed in married males/couples compared to singles (
$\hat{\beta }$
: −48, 95 % CI: −96, −1). Furthermore, female current/former smokers were associated with a higher UPF consumption v. never smokers (
$\hat{\beta }$
: 79, 95 % CI: 41, 118;
$\hat{\beta }$
: 42, 95 % CI: 8, 75, respectively). Main UPF sources were yoghurts, soft drinks and cold meats/sausages differing strongly by sex, age and education level. Yoghurts containing additives were the main contributors to the UPF consumption in children and adult females from all education (~20 %). Soft drinks were leaders in adolescents (females: 26⋅0 %; males: 31⋅6 %) and young male adults (24⋅4 %). Cold meats/sausages stood out among low-educated males (20⋅5 %). Males, younger age groups, higher education, children with less-educated parents, married/couple males and smoking females were positively associated with UPF consumption.
Funder
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Subject
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,Food Science,Nutrition and Dietetics
Reference66 articles.
1. 38. Core Team, R (2017) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; available at https://www.R-project.org/.
2. Consistent dietary patterns identified from childhood to adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
3. Household availability of ultra-processed foods and obesity in nineteen European countries
4. Sedentary behavior and consumption of ultra-processed foods by Brazilian adolescents: Brazilian National School Health Survey (PeNSE), 2015;Costa;Cad Saude Publica,2018
5. Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system
Cited by
15 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献