Author:
Wynn Tony,Howarth Peter A.,Kunze Bert R.
Abstract
The aim of this research was to clarify and quantify the demands of the working environment and watch-keeping regime for large commercial ships in relation to dark adaptation. The night lookout task requires the identification of the relatively bright navigational lights of other ships against the dark background of the sky and sea. The probability of detection is determined by the ambient lighting conditions on the bridge and the dark adapted state of vision. Light levels were such that threshold sensitivity (after 15 minutes) was reduced by around 2 log units in comparison to complete darkness. This has implications for the effective range of navigational lights at sea as defined in regulations. The intensity and position of navigation lights on larger vessels is such that the sensitivity of the eye under typical bridge conditions is likely to be sufficient for their visibility to be acceptable. This may not be the case for less well lit small craft.
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Subject
Ocean Engineering,Oceanography
Cited by
6 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献
1. Analysis and Optimisation of Best Practice for Proper Lookout at Night;TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation;2024
2. Bridge Ergonomic Design: A Review;TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation;2022
3. The effect of circadian rhythms on shipping accidents;Journal of Navigation;2021-04-13
4. Lighting Standards for Ships and Energy Efficiency;Trends and Challenges in Maritime Energy Management;2018
5. Nighttime Navigating;Transfers;2017-12-01