1. Judge Edward S. , “The Past, Present and Future of the Canning Industry,” p. 56. These data for one tomato cannery are consistent with the recollections of the Canning Trade editor, Edward Judge. When Judge stated that Cox's cappers could do no more work than the “ordinary man” but when “properly served and operated” cut capping costs by “about one-third,” Judge was confirming the findings in Tables 1 and 2. Capper productivity, if anything, remains constant after mechanization, but because wages fell from $3.00 to $1.44 per day, total unit costs (allowing for the cost and durability of Cox's capper) probably fell by Judge's assertion of “about one-third.” An 1885 Maryland report on the effects of can-making machinery on wages and productivity is also consistent with these data for one tomato cannery.
2. Underwood W. Lyman , “Incidents in the Canning Industry of New England,” in A. Judge, History of the Canning Trade, p. 13. Underwood was a professor at MIT in the 1890s and a relative of the first American canner, William Underwood. Lyman Underwood along with S. C. Prescott helped pioneer university study of the canning processing techniques. The mid-1890s saw the first American scientific study of why the canning process worked.