1. Wunch, James S., and Dele Owolu, eds. 1990. The Failure of the Centralized State. Boulder, Colo.: Westview
2. Suret-Canale, Jean. 1964. Afrique Noire: L'ère Coloniale, 1900–1945. Paris: Editions Sociales
3. Colonial Government and Populist Reform: The Case of Ivory Coast;Staniland;Part I. Journal of Administration Overseas (JAO),1971
4. Yang, Dali L. 1996. Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change since the Great Leap Famine. Stanford: Stanford University Press
5. States and Statelessness in Late Twentieth Century Africa;Widner;Daedalus,1995