1. Walbank, F. W., The Hellenistic World (Cambridge, MA, 1981)
2. Townsend, W. T., and W. F. Wyatt, ‘Ennodius and Pope Symmachus’, Studies in Honor of E. K. Rand (New York 1938), 277–91
3. Stein, Ernst, Histoire du Bas-Empire, trans. J.-R. Palanque, 2 vols. (Paris, 1959)
4. Penella, Robert J., Greek Philosophers and Sophists in the Fourth Century AD: Studies in Eunapius of Sardis (ARCA Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs 28; Leeds, 1990)
5. Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., The Barbarian West: The Early Middle Ages, AD 400–1000, 3rd edn (London, 1967)