Negative symptoms: associations with defeatist beliefs, self-efficacy, and maladaptive schemas in youth and young adults at-risk for psychosis

Abstract

Abstract Background: Investigations into possible mechanisms that may contribute to the development, maintenance, and exacerbation of negative symptoms are needed. Defeatist beliefs, self-efficacy, and early maladaptive schemas have been shown to contribute to negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Likewise, negative symptoms occur in those at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine if negative symptoms were associated with defeatist beliefs, self-efficacy, and early maladaptive schemas in CHR participants of a group therapy intervention study. Method: All CHR participants (n = 203; 99 males, 104 females) were recruited as part of a three-site randomized control trial: Recovery through Group Study (ReGroup). Negative symptoms, defeatist beliefs, self-efficacy and early maladaptive schemas were assessed by trained clinical raters. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between defeatist beliefs, self-efficacy, functioning, and negative symptoms. Results: The majority of CHR youth (72.9%) had at least one negative symptom of moderate to above moderate severity at baseline. In multiple mediation analyses, both asocial beliefs and social self-efficacy mediated the effects of social functioning on negative symptoms. Finally, defeatist performance attitudes significantly mediated the effects of role functioning on negative symptoms. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of considering beliefs and attitudes in relation to functioning and severity of negative symptoms. Psychosocial interventions may wish to target beliefs and attitudes in effort to reduce negative symptoms and improve functioning in CHR youth.