1. Costs of Education in China: Issues of Resource Mobilization, Equality, Equity and Efficiency
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4. A three-hour course is counted as a half-day, six-hour courses are counted as a whole day.
5. The eight types of ownership refer to state-owned; collectively owned; joint-ventures with firms from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan; joint-ventures with firms from other countries; sole-investment firms from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan; sole-investment firms from other countries; local private firms; and corporate firms. The first two are considered typical in the planned economy and the latter six are new forms of ownership that have occurred in the transferred economy after 1980. Due to space constraints, this paper does not present results on training and education in enterprises of different ownership, which fall into another focus of analysis.