1. Gardet , La cité musulmane; p. 155,
2. The Shrinking Frontiers of Islam
3. Miquel , La géographie humaine, p. 77.
4. von Grunebaum , “Islam: Its Inherent Power,” p. 10.
5. Daher Adel , “Current Trends in Arab Intellectual Thought,” Research Program on Economic and Political Problems and Prospects in the Middle East (Rand Corporation Resources for the Future: RM-5979-FF, 1969).