A Review of Tick and Tick Control Strategies in Pakistan

Abstract

Background: In Pakistan, ticks are a major problem for livestock and humans. These can spread a wide range of infections including protozoan, viruses, and bacteria such as spirochetes and rickettsiae. Ticks are found in all ecological and geographic zones of Pakistan. Bovine Babesiosis and Theileriosis have been documented in Pakistan. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease that affects those who work with cattle, like slaughterhouse workers, vets, and hospitals. There are at least 40 tick species, mostly Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus. In Pakistan, CCHF is spread by Hyalomma ticks, posing a severe risk to human health. Ticks are most prevalent in the summer (June–September) and goats rather than sheep in Pakistan. Tick-borne infections include Anaplasma, Babesia, and Theileria spp., more common in sheep than goats. In the previous sixteen years, occasional CCHF outbreaks have been documented in Pakistan, with a 24% fatality rate. Mass tick control efforts have been initiated in Punjab and Sind provinces to control tick populations and zoonotic disease spread. These tick control campaigns use a lot of Deltamethrin and Ivermectin. Deltamethrin and Ivermectin can harm the ecosystem and suggested alternate tick control approaches. Deltamethrin can damage the kidneys of insect-eating birds and disrupt the life cycle of aquatic organisms when mixed with stream water. This is because roughly 60%-80% of the whole dose is excreted by the animal and is not metabolized by the animal. Dung deterioration can be hampered by a reduction of dung beetles. Tick control methods have been used for decades worldwide. But only chemical technique is still practised in Pakistan. Each method's efficacy varies with tick number, dispersion, morphology, and host species. Results: The goal of the literature review was to discuss ticks and tick management measures used on domestic animals in Pakistan and offer new and successful techniques. This article reviews the most widely used tick management methods in Pakistan. According to studies, ticks and tick-borne diseases cause significant economic losses to livestock globally. Chemicals (acaricides) are overused to treat ticks on domestic and wild animals. Tickbots, bait boxes, vaccines, natural fauna, and bio-pesticides should be promoted and used to control ticks. Conclusion: The literature concluded that tick and tick-borne diseases are a significant cause of economic losses to the livestock throughout the globe. The chemicals (acaricides) are excessively applied against ticks on domestic and wild animals. Other new techniques like tickbot, bait boxes, the discovery of vaccines, natural fauna and biopesticides should be promoted and applied to control the ticks. These strategies will have an extreme outcome on reducing the tick population. Keywords: Ticks, Ectoparasites, Congo Haemorrhagic Fever, Wild animals, Integrated tick management, Pakistan