Development and test–retest reliability of a screening tool for axial spondyloarthritis

Author:

Shridharmurthy Divya,Lapane Kate L.,Khan Sara,Yi Esther,Baek Jonggyu,Kay JonathanORCID,Liu Shao-HsienORCID

Abstract

Background People with axial Spondyloarthritis (axSpA) suffer from lengthy diagnostic delays of ~7 years. The usage of screening tools to identify axSpA patients in primary care can reduce diagnostic delays by facilitating early referral to rheumatologic care. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a potential screening tool for patients with axSpA. Method Content validity was evaluated by soliciting feedback from 7 rheumatologists regarding the relevance and content representativeness of the proposed screening questions. For the test-retest study, participants ≥18 years of age with chronic back pain (≥3 months) without a diagnosis of mechanical or inflammatory back pain (n = 91) were e-recruited through ResearchMatch. Participation included completing identical baseline and follow-up questionnaires ~14 days apart. Weighted quadratic kappa was used to measure test-retest reliability between the two ratings of the ordinal scales. Construct validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and items with factor loadings ≥0.6 were extracted. Scale dimensionality and simplified factorial solutions were measured using Kaiser’s criteria (Eigenvalue >1). Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure internal consistency. Results Most participants were women, non-Hispanic white, and had at least some college education, with a mean age of 45 years. On average, the age at onset of back pain was 31 years. Eleven questions yielded test–retest reliabilities ranging from 0.6 to 0.76. Results from EFA extracted two factors relating to: 1) how pain affects daily life functioning and 2) whether pain improves with movement. Internal consistency was high for questions evaluating how pain affects life, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.81. Following assessment for validity and reliability, the questionnaire was revised to create the 6-item screening tool. Conclusions The 6-item SpA-SED screening tool designed to identify potential cases of axSpA was found to have good test–retest reliability and high internal consistency.

Funder

Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation

National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences

Timothy S. and Elaine L. Peterson

The SAA/Jane Bruckel Early Career Investigator in AxSpA Award

Publisher

Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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3. Spondilitis Association of America. Has Your Patient Had Inflammatory Back Pain for 3+ Months? Accessed October 27, 2020. https://www.spondylitis.org/For-Primary-Care-Physicians.

4. Frequency of axial spondyloarthritis diagnosis among patients seen by US rheumatologists for evaluation of chronic back pain;A Deodhar;Arthritis & Rheumatology,2016

5. Delay to diagnosis in axial spondyloarthritis: are we improving in the UK?;MP Sykes;Rheumatology,2015

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