Maternal diabetes independent of BMI is associated with altered accretion of adipose tissue in large for gestational age fetuses

Abstract

Aim To analyse the effects of maternal diabetes mellitus (DM) and body mass Index (BMI) on central and peripheral fat accretion of large for gestational age (LGA) offspring. Methods This retrospective study included LGA fetuses (n = 595) with ultrasound scans at early (19.23 ± 0.68 weeks), mid (28.98 ± 1.62 weeks) and late (36.20 ± 1.59 weeks) stages of adipogenesis and measured abdominal (AFT) and mid-thigh (TFT) fat as surrogates for central and peripheral adiposity. Women were categorised according to BMI and DM status [pre-gestational (P-DM; n = 59), insulin managed (I-GDM; n = 132) and diet managed gestational diabetes (D-GDM; n = 29)]. Analysis of variance and linear regressions were applied. Results AFT and TFT did not differ significantly between BMI categories (normal, overweight and obese). In contrast, AFT was significantly higher in pregnancies affected by D-GDM compared to non-DM pregnancies from mid stage (0.44 mm difference, p = 0.002) and for all DM categories in late stage of adipogenesis (≥ 0.49 mm difference, p < 0.008). Late stage TFT accretion was higher than controls for P-DM and I-GDM but not for D-GDM (0.67 mm difference, p < 0.001; 0.49 mm difference, p = 0.001, 0.56 mm difference, p = 0.22 respectively). In comparison to the early non-DM group with an AFT to TFT ratio of 1.07, the I-GDM group ratio was 1.25 (p < 0.001), which normalised by 28 weeks becoming similar to control ratios. Conclusions DM, independent of BMI, was associated with higher abdominal and mid-thigh fat accretion in fetuses. Use of insulin improved central to peripheral fat ratios in fetuses of GDM mothers.