HIV viral load assays when used with whole blood perform well as a diagnostic assay for infants

Abstract

Objective Over the past several years, only approximately 50% of HIV-exposed infants received an early infant diagnosis test within the first two months of life. While high attrition and mortality account for some of the shortcomings in identifying HIV-infected infants early and putting them on life-saving treatment, fragmented and challenging laboratory systems are an added barrier. We sought to determine the accuracy of using HIV viral load assays for infant diagnosis of HIV. Methods We enrolled 866 Ugandan infants between March–April 2018 for this study after initial laboratory diagnosis. The median age was seven months, while 33% of infants were less than three months of age. Study testing was done using either the Roche or Abbott molecular technologies at the Central Public Health Laboratory. Dried blood spot samples were prepared according to manufacturer-recommended protocols for both the qualitative and quantitative assays. Viral load test samples for the Roche assay were processed using two different buffers: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS: free virus elution viral load protocol [FVE]) and Sample Pre-Extraction Reagent (SPEX: qualitative buffer). Dried blood spot samples were processed for both assays on the Abbott using the manufacturer’s standard infant diagnosis protocol. All infants received a qualitative test for clinical management and additional paired quantitative tests. Results 858 infants were included in the analysis, of which 50% were female. Over 75% of mothers received antiretroviral therapy, while approximately 65% of infants received infant prophylaxis. The Roche SPEX and Abbott technologies had high sensitivity (>95%) and specificity (>98%). The Roche FVE had lower sensitivity (85%) and viral load values. Conclusions To simplify and streamline laboratory practices, HIV viral load may be used to diagnose HIV infection in infants, particularly using the Roche SPEX and Abbott technologies.