Determinants of diabetic nephropathy among diabetic patients in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Introduction Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a long-term kidney disease among diabetic patients. It is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure. In Ethiopia, DN affects the majority of diabetic populations, but there were inconsistent findings about the determinant factors across the studies. Methods We have accessed studies using PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Web of Science, OVID, and search engines including Google and Google Scholar published up to June 2023. The study populations were diabetic patients with nephropathy. The quality of each included article was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. The odds ratios of risk factors were pooled using a random-effect meta-analysis model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane Q statistics and I-Square (I2). The publication bias was detected using the funnel plot and/or Egger’s test (p< 0.05). Trim and fill analysis was carried out to treat the publication bias. The protocol has been registered with the reference number CRD42023434547. Results A total of sixteen articles were used for this reviewed study. Of which, eleven articles were used for advanced age, ten articles for duration of diabetic illness, ten articles for poor glycemic control, and eleven articles for having co-morbid hypertension. Diabetic patients with advanced age (AOR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03–120, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.488), longer duration of diabetic illness (AOR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.05–1.45, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.567), poor glycemic control (AOR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.07–6.14; I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.996), and having co-morbid hypertension (AOR = 4.03, 95% CI: 2.00–8.12, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.964) were found to be factors associated with DN. Conclusions The findings of the study revealed that diabetic patients with advanced age, longer duration of diabetic illness, poor glycemic control status, and co-morbid hypertension were the determinant factors of DN. Therefore, treatment of co-morbid hypertension and high blood glucose and regular screening of renal function should be implemented to detect, treat, and reduce the progression of DN. Furthermore, healthcare workers should give due attention to diabetes with advanced age and a longer duration of diabetes illness to prevent the occurrence of DN.