Antipsychotic polypharmacy and associated factors among patients with schizophrenia: Multicenter cross-sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP) remains common despite guideline recommendations to minimize combinations, except after repeated antipsychotic monotherapy trials. This study aimed to assess APP and its associated factors among schizophrenia patients at comprehensive specialized hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 schizophrenia patients at selected hospitals in Ethiopia from June to August 2022. The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Study participants were enrolled using systematic random sampling. Data entry and analysis were done with Epi-data version 4.6.1 and SPSS version 24, respectively. APP was determined by reviewing the number of medications based on relevant evidence. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify APP factors. Variables with a p-value of < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval were considered statistically significant. Results From a total of 430 approached samples, 422 (98.1% response rate) eligible patients were included in the study. An overall APP prevalence was 22.7% (95% CI: 19–27). Duration of illness (AOR = 2.88; 95% CI: 1.49, 5.59); duration of treatment (AOR = 3.79; 95% CI: 1.05, 13.62); number of admissions (AOR = 4.93; 95% CI: 2.52, 9.64); and substance use (AOR = 2.58; 95% CI: 1.49, 4.47) were significantly associated with APP. Conclusion and recommendation In this study, APP was recorded in a considerable number of patients. Patients with a longer duration of illness and treatment, frequent admissions, and substance users need critical follow-up to minimize antipsychotic medication use.