Targeted degradation of zDHHC-PATs decreases substrate S-palmitoylation

Abstract

Reversible S-palmitoylation of protein cysteines, catalysed by a family of integral membrane zDHHC-motif containing palmitoyl acyl transferases (zDHHC-PATs), controls the localisation, activity, and interactions of numerous integral and peripheral membrane proteins. There are compelling reasons to want to inhibit the activity of individual zDHHC-PATs in both the laboratory and the clinic, but the specificity of existing tools is poor. Given the extensive conservation of the zDHHC-PAT active site, development of isoform-specific competitive inhibitors is highly challenging. We therefore hypothesised that proteolysis-targeting chimaeras (PROTACs) may offer greater specificity to target this class of enzymes. In proof-of-principle experiments we engineered cell lines expressing tetracycline-inducible Halo-tagged zDHHC5 or zDHHC20, and evaluated the impact of Halo-PROTACs on zDHHC-PAT expression and substrate palmitoylation. In HEK-derived FT-293 cells, Halo-zDHHC5 degradation significantly decreased palmitoylation of its substrate phospholemman, and Halo-zDHHC20 degradation significantly diminished palmitoylation of its substrate IFITM3, but not of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In contrast, in a second kidney derived cell line, Vero E6, Halo-zDHHC20 degradation did not alter palmitoylation of either IFITM3 or SARS-CoV-2 spike. We conclude from these experiments that PROTAC-mediated targeting of zDHHC-PATs to decrease substrate palmitoylation is feasible. However, given the well-established degeneracy in the zDHHC-PAT family, in some settings the activity of non-targeted zDHHC-PATs may substitute and preserve substrate palmitoylation.