Widely targeted metabolomics reveals differences in metabolites of Paeonia lactiflora cultivars

Abstract

Introduction Paeonia lactiflora contains diverse active constituents and exhibits various pharmacological activities. However, only partial identification of biologically active substances from P. lactiflora has been achieved using low-throughput techniques. Here, the roots of P. lactiflora, namely, Fenyunu (CK), Dafugui (DFG), and Red Charm (HSML), were studied. The primary and secondary metabolites were investigated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESIMS/MS). Methods The chemical compounds and categories were detected using broadly targeted UPLC–MS/MS. Principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were carried out for metabolites of different varieties of P. lactiflora. Results A total of 1237 compounds were detected and classified into 11 categories. HCA, PCA, and OPLS-DA of these metabolites indicated that each variety of P. lactiflora was clearly separated from the other groups. Differential accumulated metabolite analysis revealed that the three P. lactiflora varieties contained 116 differentially activated metabolites (DAMs) involved in flavonoid, flavone, and flavonol metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that, in 65 pathways, 336 differentially abundant metabolites (DMs) were enriched in the CK and DFG groups; moreover, the type and content of terpenoids were greater in the CK group than in the DFG group. The CK and HSML groups contained 457 DMs enriched in 61 pathways; the type and amount of flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins were greater in the CK group than in the HSML group. The DFG and HSML groups contained 497 DMs enriched in 65 pathways; terpenoids and alkaloids were more abundant in the HSML variety than in the DFG variety. Conclusions A total of 1237 compounds were detected, and the results revealed significant differences among the three P. lactiflora varieties. Among the three P. lactiflora varieties, phenolic acids and flavonoids composed the largest and most diverse category of metabolites, and their contents varied greatly. Therefore, CK is suitable for medicinal plant varieties, and DFG and HSML are suitable for ornamental plant varieties. Twelve proanthocyanidin metabolites likely determined the differences in color among the three varieties.