A multi-taxon analysis of European Red Lists reveals major threats to biodiversity
Author:
Hochkirch AxelORCID, Bilz Melanie, Ferreira Catarina C., Danielczak Anja, Allen David, Nieto Ana, Rondinini Carlo, Harding Kate, Hilton-Taylor CraigORCID, Pollock Caroline M., Seddon Mary, Vié Jean-Christophe, Alexander Keith N.A., Beech EmilyORCID, Biscoito ManuelORCID, Braud Yoan, Burfield Ian J., Buzzetti Filippo Maria, Cálix Marta, Carpenter Kent E., Chao Ning Labbish, Chobanov Dragan, Christenhusz Maarten J. M., Collette Bruce B., Comeros-Raynal Mia T., Cox Neil, Craig Matthew, Cuttelod Annabelle, Darwall William R. T., Dodelin Benoit, Dulvy Nicholas K., Englefield Eve, Fay Michael F., Fettes Nicholas, Freyhof Jörg, García Silvia, Criado Mariana GarcíaORCID, Harvey Michael, Hodgetts Nick, Ieronymidou Christina, Kalkman Vincent J., Kell Shelagh P., Kemp James, Khela Sonia, Lansdown Richard V., Lawson Julia M., Leaman Danna J., Brehm Joana MagosORCID, Maxted Nigel, Miller Rebecca M., Neubert Eike, Odé Baudewijn, Pollard David, Pollom RileyORCID, Pople Rob, Presa Asensio Juan José, Ralph Gina M., Rankou Hassan, Rivers MalinORCID, Roberts Stuart P. M., Russell Barry, Sennikov AlexanderORCID, Soldati Fabien, Staneva Anna, Stump Emilie, Symes Andy, Telnov Dmitry, Temple Helen, Terry Andrew, Timoshyna Anastasiya, Swaay Chris van, Väre Henry, Walls Rachel H. L.ORCID, Willemse Luc, Wilson BrettORCID, Window Jemma, Wright Emma G. E., Zuna-Kratky Thomas
Abstract
Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge and minimizing extinction rates is the goal of several multilateral environmental agreements. Policy decisions require comprehensive, spatially explicit information on species’ distributions and threats. We present an analysis of the conservation status of 14,669 European terrestrial, freshwater and marine species (ca. 10% of the continental fauna and flora), including all vertebrates and selected groups of invertebrates and plants. Our results reveal that 19% of European species are threatened with extinction, with higher extinction risks for plants (27%) and invertebrates (24%) compared to vertebrates (18%). These numbers exceed recent IPBES (Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) assumptions of extinction risk. Changes in agricultural practices and associated habitat loss, overharvesting, pollution and development are major threats to biodiversity. Maintaining and restoring sustainable land and water use practices is crucial to minimize future biodiversity declines.
Funder
European Commission National Parks and Wildlife Service Republic of Ireland Ministry of Economic Affairs Department of Nature & Biodiversity (Ministerie van Economische Zaken, Directie Natuur & Biodiversiteit), the Netherlands Council of Europe Office fédéral de l’environnement, Switzerland Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Naturvardsverket), Sweden British Entomological Society, United Kingdom Ministry of Sustainable Development and Infrastructure, Government of the Grand-Duché of Luxembourg Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic ArtDatabanken from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subject
Multidisciplinary
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