Virological non-suppression among adult males attending HIV care services in the fishing communities in Bulisa district, Uganda

Abstract

Background Virological non-suppression is a critical factor in driving HIV transmission rates, yet there is limited data available on the determinants of this phenomenon, particularly in fishing communities where the incidence of HIV is disproportionately high. We aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of virological non-suppression among adult males (≥15 years) attending HIV care services in the fishing communities of Bulisa district. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among all adult males (≥15 years) living with HIV who were resident within the fishing communities, and in care for atleast 6 months at the six health facilities offering HIV services in the fishing communities in Bulisa district. To obtain data on patient and health facility characteristics, we reviewed patients’ records and conducted face-to-face interviews with the participants. We conducted descriptive and regression analyses using modified Poisson regression, accounting for data correlation of observation at the facility level to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals in Stata version 14.0. Results 413 participants were studied and 379 (91.8%) were interviewed. The participant’s average age (SD) was 40 (10.7) years and 70.5% (267/379) were engaged in the fishing business. The prevalence of virological non-suppression was 88/413–21.3% (95% CI: 18%-26%). Factors associated with higher odds of virological non-suppression included: Age 26–50 years (adj.PR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.11–2.08) and 15–25 years (adj.PR = 2.99, 95%CI: 1.27–7.05) compared to age above 50 years; unemployment (adj.PR = 1.28, 95%CI: 1.10–1.49); hazardous use of alcohol (adj.PR = 1.34, 95%CI: 1.10–1.62); non-mobility between fish landing sites (adj.PR = 1.37, 95%CI: 1.003–1.87); distant HIV treatment services (adj.PR = 1.37, 95%CI: 1.11–1.69) and TB diagnosis (adj.PR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.33–2.64). Conclusion Virological non-suppression among people living with HIV in fishing communities along the shores of Lake Albert is alarmingly high, exceeding the UNAIDS threshold of 10% by two-fold. Several key determinants were identified, including hazardous alcohol use, unemployment, and access barriers to HIV treatment services.