Impact of anthropometry training and feasibility of 3D imaging on anthropometry data quality among children under five years in a postmortem setting

Abstract

Background The Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Network (CHAMPS) identifies causes of under-5 mortality in high mortality countries. Objective To address challenges in postmortem nutritional assessment, we evaluated the impact of anthropometry training and the feasibility of 3D imaging on data quality within the CHAMPS Kenya site. Design Staff were trained using World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended manual anthropometry equipment and novel 3D imaging methods to collect postmortem measurements. Following training, 76 deceased children were measured in duplicate and were compared to measurements of 75 pre-training deceased children. Outcomes included measures of data quality (standard deviations of anthropometric indices and digit preference scores (DPS)), precision (absolute and relative technical errors of measurement, TEMs or rTEMs), and accuracy (Bland-Altman plots). WHO growth standards were used to produce anthropometric indices. Post-training surveys and in-depth interviews collected qualitative feedback on measurer experience with performing manual anthropometry and ease of using 3D imaging software. Results Manual anthropometry data quality improved after training, as indicated by DPS. Standard deviations of anthropometric indices exceeded limits for high data quality when using the WHO growth standards. Reliability of measurements post-training was high as indicated by rTEMs below 1.5%. 3D imaging was highly correlated with manual measurements; however, on average 3D scans overestimated length and head circumference by 1.61 cm and 2.27 cm, respectively. Site staff preferred manual anthropometry to 3D imaging, as the imaging technology required adequate lighting and additional considerations when performing the measurements. Conclusions Manual anthropometry was feasible and reliable postmortem in the presence of rigor mortis. 3D imaging may be an accurate alternative to manual anthropometry, but technology adjustments are needed to ensure accuracy and usability.