Ambient temperature as a factor contributing to the developmental divergence in sympatric salmonids

Abstract

Factors and mechanisms promoting resource-based radiation in animals still represent a main challenge to evolutionary biology. The modifications of phenotype tied with adaptive diversification may result from an environmentally related shift having occurred at the early stage of development. Here, we study the role of temperature dynamics on the reproductive sites in the early-life divergence and adaptive radiation of the salmonid fish Salvelinus malma dwelling in the Lake Kronotskoe basin (North-East Asia). Local sympatric charr ecomorphs demonstrate strict homing behaviour guiding the preordained distribution along tributaries and, hence, further development under different temperatures. We thoroughly assessed the annual temperature dynamics at the spawning grounds of each morph as compared to an ancestral anadromous morph. Then we carried out an experimental rearing of both under naturally diverging and uniformed temperatures. To compare the morphs’ development under the dynamically changing temperatures, we have designed a method based on calculating the accumulated heat by the Arrhenius equation. The proposed equation shows a strong predictive power and, at the same time, is not bias-susceptible when the developmental temperature approximates 0°C. The temperature was found to significantly affect the charrs’ early ontogeny, which underlies the divergence of developmental and growth rates between the morphs, as well as morph-specific ontogenetic adaptations to the spawning site’s temperatures. As opposed to the endemic morphs from Lake Kronotskoe, the anadromous S. malma, being unexposed to selection оn highly specific reproduction conditions, showed a wide temperature tolerance, Our findings demonstrate that the hatch, onset timing of external feeding, and size dissimilarities between the sympatric morphs reveal themselves during the development under contrast temperatures. As a result of the observed developmental disparities, the morphs occupy specific definitive foraging niches in the lake.