1. Marchant S, Higgins PJ (1990) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds (Volume 1, Part B Pelican to Ducks). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 1400 p.
2. Gill BJ, Bell BD, Chambers GK, Medway DG, Palma RL, et al.. (2010) Checklist of the birds in New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency Antarctica (4th edition). Wellington: Te Papa Press in association with the Ornithological Society of New Zealand. 512 p.
3. The birdlife of Codfish Island;A Blackburn;Notornis,1968
4. Lalas C (1983) Comparative feeding ecology of New Zealand marine shags (Phalacrocoracidae). PhD thesis, University of Otago, Zoology Department. 291 p.
5. Nest counts of Stewart Island shags/mapua (Leucocarbo chalconotus) in Otago;C Lalas;DoC Research and Development Series,2009