Health extension workers contribution on tuberculosis case notification in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia: A concurrent mixed method study

Abstract

Background Despite the emphasis placed on Community Based Tuberculosis Care (CBTC) implementation by Health Extension Workers (HEWs) within the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) in Ethiopia, there is little evidence on contribution of HEWs on TB case notification. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the contribution of HEWs on TB case notification and its associated factors in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Methods A concurrent mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) cross-sectional study design was conducted in three randomly selected districts in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Quantitative data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Qualitative data were collected using Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) to further describe the community participation and presumptive TB identification and referral system. For the quantitative data, binary logistic regression analysis was done and all variables with P-value of < 0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in the multi-variable model to see predictors of HEWs contribution to TB notification. The qualitative data were thematically analyzed using Atlas.ti version 7. Results In this study, a total of 68 HEWs were included. From March 1, 2017 to February 28, 2018, a total of 427 TB cases notified in the study areas and one-third (34%) of them were notified by the HEWs referral. Provision of Community Based-Directly Observed Treatment Short course (CB–DOTS) (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 3.63, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.18–11.19) and involvement of community volunteers on CBTC (AOR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.10–10.09) were significantly associated with the contribution of HEWs on TB case notification. The qualitative findings indicated that high workload of HEWs, inaccessibility of TB diagnostic services at nearby health facilities, and transportation and investigation costs were identified as factors affecting for presumptive TB referral by HEWs. Conclusions Provision of CB-DOTS and involvement of community volunteers in CBTC activities should be strengthened to improve the HEWs contribution on TB case notification. Additionally, HEWs should be empowered and further interventions of TB diagnostic services at diagnostic health facilities are needed to improve presumptive TB referral by HEWs.