Use of bio-information and communication technology shortens time to peak at a lower height of the epidemic curve: An alternative to flattening for countries with early COVID-19 outbreaks

Abstract

Introduction The traditional approach to epidemic control has been to slow down the rate of infection while building up healthcare capacity, resulting in a flattened epidemic curve. Advancements in bio-information-communication technology (BICT) have enabled the preemptive isolation of infected cases through efficient testing and contact tracing. This study aimed to conceptualize the BICT-enabled epidemic control (BICTEC) and to document its relationships with epidemic curve shaping and epidemic mitigation performance. Methods Daily COVID-19 incidences were collected from outbreak to Aug. 12, 2020, for nine countries reporting the first outbreak on or before Feb. 1, 2020. Key epidemic curve determinants–peak height (PH), time to peak (TTP), and area under the curve (AUC)–were estimated for each country, and their relationships were analyzed to test if epidemic curves peak quickly at a shorter height. CFR (Case Fatality Rate) and CI (Cumulative Incidence) were compared across the countries to identify relationships between epidemic curve shapes and epidemic mitigation performance. Results China and South Korea had the quickest TTPs (40.70 and 45.37 days since outbreak, respectively) and the shortest PHs (2.95 and 4.65 cases per day, respectively). Sweden, known for its laissez-faire approach, had the longest TTP (120.36) and the highest PH (279.74). Quicker TTPs were correlated with shorter PHs (ρ = 0·896, p = 0·0026) and lower AUCs (0.790, p = 0.0028), indicating that epidemic curves do not follow a flattened trajectory. During the study period, countries with quicker TTPs tended to have lower CIs (ρ = .855, P = .006) and CFRs (ρ = 0.684, P = .061). For example, South Korea, with the second-quickest TTP, reported the second lowest CI and the lowest CFR. Conclusions Countries that experienced early COVID-19 outbreaks demonstrated the epidemic curves that quickly peak at a shorter height, indicating a departure from the traditional flattened trajectory. South Korea’s BICTEC was found to be at least as effective as most lockdowns in reducing CI and CFR.