Potential risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and associated sociodemographic characteristics: A cross-sectional evaluation of a large cohort of women living with HIV in north-central Nigeria

Abstract

Males have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors such as alcohol use, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, and smoking based on limited data available from two tertiary health centers in Nigeria. Increasing age and lower educational level influence smoking among the same population in northeastern and northwestern Nigeria. Specifically in women living with HIV (WLHIV), the association between demographic characteristics and CVD risk factors has not been described. In a multi-center cross-sectional study, we documented the association of sociodemographic characteristics with potential CVD risk factors among a large cohort of WLHIV attending five treatment sites in north-central Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study among 5430 women of reproductive age who received antiretrovirals at five selected treatment sites in Benue State, Nigeria. We performed multivariable regression of sociodemographic characteristics on potential cardiovascular risk factors, namely, smoking, alcohol consumption, and contraceptive use. We found participants’ mean age was 33.2 (standard deviation: 6.1) years. Prevalence of smoking, alcohol consumption, and contraceptive use were 0.6%, 11%, and 7% respectively. Older WLHIV (≥ 40 years) had a negative association with contraceptive use (aOR: 0.58, 95%CI: 0.42–0.81). Being educated WLHIV had a positive association with contraceptive use (aOR: 1.34, 95%CI: 1.02–1.76) and a negative association with tobacco smoking (aOR: 0.37, 95%CI: 0.16–0.83). Being a farmer had a negative association with alcohol consumption (aOR: 0.43, 95%CI: 0.35–0.52) and contraceptive use (aOR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.48–0.76). Compared to being married, being in a single relationship had positive association with alcohol consumption (aOR: 1.30, 95%CI: 1.08–1.56) while parenting was associated with 165% higher odds of contraceptive use (aOR: 2.65, 95%CI: 1.73–4.06). In conclusion, the low prevalence of smoking exists among women living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment. Older age, farming and being married are potential deterrents to lifestyle risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among this population. To improve HIV-related treatment efforts and outcomes, implementing interventions aimed at lifestyle behavioral modification among this population has the potential to reduce cardiovascular disease risks.