Pharmacological Review of Postoperative Hypertension

Abstract

Postoperative hypertension is an acute, transient increase in blood pressure that develops within 30 to 90 minutes following a surgical procedure and typically lasts for 4 to 8 hours after surgery. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg. The increase in blood pressure is primarily due to increased systemic vascular resistance brought about by reflex changes in humoral factors, including increased levels of catecholamines, renin, and serotonin as well as alterations in baroreceptor function and carotid reflexes. Potential complications of untreated postoperative hypertension include depressed left ventricular performance, increased myocardial oxygen demand resulting in ischemic episodes, cerebrovascular accidents, arrhythmias, and suture line disruption and bleeding. Despite longstanding recognition that high blood pressure is a frequent complication after surgery, formal guidelines for the treatment of postoperative hypertension have not been developed. Postoperative hypertension is a pathophysiological state that requires rapid assessment and appropriate treatment. Several pharmacologic agents are available to achieve and maintain normotension after surgery, including nitrovasodilators (nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside), adrenergic blocking agents, and dihydroperidine calcium channel antagonists. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and fenoldopam also have been used. Each has its own distinct mechanism of action and adverse effect profile. In cardiac surgery, nicardipine is as effective as nitrovasodilators and offers coronary selectivity. In patients who are hypertensive after neurosurgical procedures, avoid direct-acting vasodilators, which may exacerbate increased intracranial pressure; β-adrenergic receptor antagonists and ACEIs are the preferred agents in these patients. More data are needed to define roles and benefits of fenoldopam in managing postoperative hypertension.