THE DARK SIDE OF DECENTRALIZATION: THE EMERGENCE OF THE SHADOW STATE IN INDONESIA

Abstract

Purpose of the study: This study investigates the interrelated roles between the ruling elites and informal actors with the emergence of shadow states after the direct election of regional heads in Bengkulu, Indonesia. Methodology: This study employed qualitative methods that use interviews, observations, and documentation techniques to collect data. Data and information obtained are analyzed by employing domains, taxonomic, componential, and cultural theme analysis. This study applied a purposive sampling method to select informants based on criteria that are relevant to the needs of the research. Main Findings: The shadow state was built by four dominant groups, namely political outsider, political directorate, corporate rich, and informal elite. The shadow state was not caused by the weakening or weathering of functions in formal government institutions but rather because of the interrelation between dominant groups working outside legal government structures. Applications of this study: This study will be useful in understanding the phenomenon of the emergence of the shadow states in the local political and democratic system. Besides, it will be useful in searching for the right way to increase the consolidation of politic and democracy in Indonesia Novelty/Originality of this study: This study offers a conceptual framework for analyzing the emergence of shadow states in local government after direct elections. This study also provides a comprehensive description related to the process of development of the shadow state as the dark side of decentralization.