ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE FUNGI AND SUSTAINABILITY OF ARTISANAL GOLD MINING WASTE DISPOSAL SITE REVEGETATION

Abstract

Mining areas is associated with barren, highly altered soil structure, poor soil nutrients and high heavy metals concentration. Those condition, in some way may influence plant and its microbial symbion adaptation in order to establish vegetation. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) form symbiosis to plant and provide both side beneficial. Because of its importance, AM F are addressed as important aspect in revegetation. In this paper we describe about AMF present in Artisanal Gold Mining (AGM) waste disposal site and furthermore we review about AMF adaptation in facing climate change. AMF spore and colonization were observed under microscope. Generally, 5 AMF species from genus Glomus and Acaulospora had been found. AMF Spore density varied from 8-162 spore/ 150 gram soil. Root colonizations were found in 8 plant species with percentage range from very low to high category. The highest concentration of mercury (135,4 ppm), Pb (51,4 ppm), and Cyanide (5,6 ppm) is followed by supreme AM diversity (4 species), spore density ( 162/150 gram soil), colonization percentage (high category), and plant diversity (6 species). The plant diversity was decreasing along with the low diversity and abundance of AMF. This results indicate that indigenous AMF can colonizes and promote plant diversity in tailing and potentially can be used to promote revegetation. Elevated C  seems play role in enchancing AMF colonization but in soil with low available nitrogen, AMF are indicated to promote carbon loss. Furthermore, higher temperature may result in lower glomalin, protein produced by AMF which function in water-stability of soil aggregate.