1. -Boustan, Leah Platt. “Were Jews Political Refugees or Economic Migrants? Assessing the Persecution Theory of Jewish Emigration, 1881–1914.” In The New Comparative Economic History: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson, edited by Timothy J. Hatton, Kevin H. O’Rourke, and Alan M. Taylor, 267–90. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007,P.1.
2. -Spitzer, Yannay , POGROMS, NETWORKS, AND MIGRATION: The Jewish Migration from the Russian Empire to the United States 1881–1914, 2013, P. 5.
3. -braham Cahan, The Russian Jew in America, New York 1898,P
4. -Alroey, Gur, From the Pale of Settlement to the Lower East Side: Early Hardships of Russian Immigrant Jews. From : the Jewish Metropolis New York City from the 17 to the 21st Century, P.
5. -Klier ,John , and Lambroza, Shlomo, Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History , Quoted in , Ibid , P.2.