Microbial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of Eastern Coachella Valley

Author:

Hile Thomas D.1,Dunbar Stephen G.2,Sinclair Ryan G.3

Affiliation:

1. Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA

2. Marine Research Group, Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA

3. School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA

Abstract

Abstract Drinking water quality from sources other than tap water is increasingly becoming a source of concern in many communities. Communities in the Eastern Coachella Valley (ECV), Riverside County, California, USA have raised concerns regarding bulk drinking water from water vending machines (WVMs) found in public vendors. To address concerns, we conducted microbiological contamination assessments of drinking water from WVMs in the ECV using heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), the presence of total coliforms using IDEXX technology, and real-time PCR (qPCR). We also measured temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and free chlorine concentration. Twenty-five WVMs were sampled by using positively charged NanoCeram® filters in the field. Results indicated 32% of WVMs had total coliforms, and 21% had HPC above Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements. Through qPCR, we found 81% of WVMs had Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni, 76% had Enterococcus faecalis, and 90% had Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results indicated most WVM samples we collected contained genetic material of pathogenic microorganisms and therefore, did not meet EPA drinking water standards. There is an urgency to enforce WVM maintenance through drain flushing, spigot cleaning, rust removal, filter replacement, and limits to physico-chemical parameters.

Publisher

IWA Publishing

Subject

Water Science and Technology

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4. California Department of Public Health 2014 Water Vending Machine, Inspection Procedure & Operating Requirements. 3. Retrieved 11/24/2020, available from https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DFDCS/CDPH%20Document%20Library/FDB/FoodSafetyProgram/Water/WVMIProcedure.pdf

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