Water quality for citizen confidence: The implementation process of 2020 EU Drinking Water Directive in Nordic countries

Author:

Bayona-Valderrama Ángela1ORCID,Gunnarsdóttir María J.2,Rossi Pekka M.3,Albrechtsen Hans-Jörgen4,Gerlach Bergkvist Kim Steve5,Gardarsson Sigurður M.2,Eriksson Magnus6,Truelstrup Hansen Lisbeth7,Jensen Pernille Erland7,Maréchal Judith Y. A.7,Myrmel Mette8,Persson Kenneth M.9,Bjerkén August9,Kalheim Frida Celius8,Bartram Jamie110

Affiliation:

1. a School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

2. b Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

3. c Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

4. d Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

5. e Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority, Torshavn, Faroe Islands

6. f Åland Environmental and Health Protection Authority, Mariehamn, Åland, Finland

7. g Technical University of Denmark, Arctic DTU Sisimiut – Ilinniarfeqarfik Sisimiut, Sisimiut, Greenland

8. h Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway

9. i Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

10. j University of Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT The European Union Drinking Water Directive aims to protect human health and promote safe water consumption. The 2020 revision, particularly Article 17, directed member states to provide public access to information on drinking water. This update responded to citizen initiatives calling for the active participation of end-users in water services and greater transparency from water utilities. Difficulties in implementing previous versions of the directive highlighted divergences between policy purposes, local capacity to implement, and public response. These divergences are explored through eight case studies of Nordic countries and analysed using the policy implementation framework. We employed a mixed-method, multi-stage approach. Policy formulation was characterized through a literature review, policy design by synthesizing legislative instruments, and policy implementation via an analysis of delivery behaviour based on interviews. We identified the main drivers of the directive's update and contrasted these with the ongoing implementation process in the countries studied. Our results point to a different and highly contextual implementation, which differs from the primary drivers of the policy update, namely, the establishment of public confidence in water services.

Publisher

IWA Publishing

Reference87 articles.

1. ÅLAND MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT (2023). Country Law amending the provincial law on the application of the Health Protection Act in Åland. Available at: https://www.regeringen.ax/sites/default/files/attachments/law/afs2023_Nr78.pdf.

2. The evolution of the EU drinking water policy towards a source-to-mouth approach

3. Environmental Health Science and Engineering for Policy, Programming, and Practice

4. Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation

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