Long-term hydrological simulation for the estimation of snowmelt contribution of Alaknanda River Basin, Uttarakhand using SWAT

Abstract

Abstract A large population depends on water resources generated due to runoff from Himalayan River basins. They provide enough water for drinking, domestic, industrial, and irrigation. Also, these rivers have a high hydropower potential. A lack of in-depth studies has made it difficult to understand how these rivers respond hydrologically to climate change (CC) and, thus, impact the environment. In this paper, Alaknanda River Basin (ARB) has been modelled using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to understand the hydrological response and assess its water balance components. The result shows that the basin's water yield and evapotranspiration (ET) vary from 58–63% and 34–39% of total precipitation. The average annual contribution of snowmelt to the total riverine flow will range from 20–24% throughout the simulation period. SFTMP, TLAPS, SMTMP, CN2, SMFMX, and GW_DELAY is found to be most sensitive at the significance level of less than 0.05, showing the contribution of the snowmelt is significant in streamflow, while delay in the groundwater will affect the contribution of surface runoff and groundwater in the streamflow. Based on the results, it is highly recommended that the spatial and temporal hydro-meteorological should be investigated in-depth to find out the actual water potential of the basin.