Evaluating groundwater quality using health risk assessment and irrigation indexes: Saveh Aquifer, Iran

Abstract

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess water quality in the Saveh aquifer for drinking, public health, and agricultural uses. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI), hazard index (HI) using non-carcinogenic health risk assessment, sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), irrigation water quality index (IWQI), and a Piper diagram were used. The HPI exceeded 3,300, much higher than the WHO critical value, which is 100. The aquifer is severely contaminated with heavy metals and unsuitable for drinking. The heavy metal concentrations also caused the water to have cumulative HI > 1 in 54 and 77% of sampling wells, respectively, for adults and children. For agriculture, both %NA and IWQI were stricter than SAR. Most of the aquifer was deemed suitable for irrigation using SAR, while %Na showed most parts unreliable, and IWQI represented almost all areas unsuitable for irrigation. The Piper diagram showed that the dominant water type was N–Cl, followed by Na–HCO3 and Ca–HCO3, indicating high aquifer salinity. Generally, the Saveh aquifer is saline and heavily polluted with heavy metals, so its use for drinking and/or irrigation carries many risks.