The Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: comparison scores from 27 sites in 22 countries

Author:

Stoler Justin1ORCID,Miller Joshua D.2ORCID,Adams Ellis A.3ORCID,Ahmed Farooq4ORCID,Alexander Mallika5,Asiki Gershim6,Balogun Mobolanle7ORCID,Boivin Michael J.8,Brewis Alexandra9ORCID,Carrillo Genny10,Chapman Kelly11ORCID,Cole Stroma12ORCID,Collins Shalean M.13,Escobar-Vargas Jorge14,Eini-Zinab Hassan15,Freeman Matthew C.16ORCID,Ghorbani Monet9,Hagaman Ashley17ORCID,Hawley Nicola17,Jamaluddine Zeina18ORCID,Jepson Wendy E.19ORCID,Krishnakumar Divya20,Maes Kenneth21,Mathad Jyoti22ORCID,Maupin Jonathan9ORCID,Owuor Patrick Mbullo23,Morales Milton Marin24,Morán-Martínez Javier25ORCID,Omidvar Nasrin15ORCID,Pearson Amber L.26ORCID,Rasheed Sabrina27,Rosinger Asher Y.28ORCID,Samayoa-Figueroa Luisa29,Sánchez-Rodríguez Ernesto C.30ORCID,Santoso Marianne V.23ORCID,Schuster Roseanne C.9ORCID,Sheikhi Mahdieh15,Srivastava Sonali20,Staddon Chad31ORCID,Sullivan Andrea1ORCID,Tesfaye Yihenew32ORCID,Trowell Alex33ORCID,Tshala-Katumbay Desire34,Tutu Raymond35,Workman Cassandra L.36ORCID,Wutich Amber9ORCID,Young Sera L.23ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA

2. Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA

3. Keough School of Global Affairs, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA

4. Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

5. Johns Hopkins University-Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College Clinical Trials Unit, Pune, India

6. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya

7. College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

8. Department of Neurology & Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

9. School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

10. School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

11. Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

12. School of Architecture and Cities, University of Westminster, London, UK

13. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

14. Department of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia

15. Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

16. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

17. Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

18. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK

19. Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

20. Anode Governance Lab, Bengaluru, India

21. Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

22. Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

23. Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

24. Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Trinidad, Bolivia

25. Facultad de Medicina, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Coahuila, Mexico

26. Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

27. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

28. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA

29. School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada

30. Hospital Agustin O'Horan, Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico

31. Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK

32. Department of Social Anthropology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

33. Department of International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

34. Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

35. Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA

36. Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA

Abstract

Abstract Household survey data from 27 sites in 22 countries were collected in 2017–2018 in order to construct and validate a cross-cultural household-level water insecurity scale. The resultant Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) scale presents a useful tool for monitoring and evaluating water interventions as a complement to traditional metrics used by the development community. It can also help track progress toward achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6 ‘clean water and sanitation for all’. We present HWISE scale scores from 27 sites as comparative data for future studies using the HWISE scale in low- and middle-income contexts. Site-level mean scores for HWISE-12 (scored 0–36) ranged from 1.64 (SD 4.22) in Pune, India, to 20.90 (7.50) in Cartagena, Colombia, while site-level mean scores for HWISE-4 (scored 0–12) ranged from 0.51 (1.50) in Pune, India, to 8.21 (2.55) in Punjab, Pakistan. Scores tended to be higher in the dry season as expected. Data from this first implementation of the HWISE scale demonstrate the diversity of water insecurity within and across communities and can help to situate findings from future applications of this tool.

Funder

national science foundation

national institutes of health

world bank group

innovative methods and metrics for agriculture and nutrition actions

Publisher

IWA Publishing

Subject

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health,Pollution,Waste Management and Disposal,Water Science and Technology,Development

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